Chapter 4: Agency
1.Agency is the relationship which subsist between a principal and an agent, where the agent has been authorized to act for the principal or represent him in dealing with a third party.
2.如果我们选minor or unsound mind的人做agent，saman会saman principal。如果选agent成年和没有sot，出问题是agent承担。
3.如果agent breach of agreement，principal可以对agent提出诉讼
4. express appointment 口语或白字黑字指定agent
5. implied express 不一定要用言语表达，可以用行动or肢体表达指定agent
6. Principal要知道 agent和第三方签的合同
7. Agency不需要特地dafter，没有固定form的方法
8.Agency 不需要consideration
9.ratification
-如果principal 没选agent，agent自己帮忙，就要看principal愿不愿意给comission
-如果agent 乱乱来，principal要卖5000，agent卖4000，principal可以选择要不要承认contract 如果principal不愿意承认，agent 要自己承担损失。
10broker-没有拿货
11.factor有拿货
12.commision agent-卖货拿commision
卖了就算了 第三方有没有还钱不关他们的事
13. a del credere agent 不止卖货，还要确保第三方有还钱
14. power of attorney 有case在mahkamah，ada peguam帮我们urus dari segi undang-undang，可以变成公司的agent
Types of agency
Rights and duties of agent toward principal
1.Agent‘s duties in conducting principal’s business (Case Turpin V Bilton)
💙Section 164 of the Contract Act- An agent is bound to conduct the business of his principal according to the directions given by the principal. When the agent act otherwise, if any loss be accrues, he must account for it, and, if any profit sustained, he must make it good to his principal💟Fact:Bilton是agent，他得到Turpin的委托去拿车的insurance。Agent没有去拿insurance，所以principal（Turpin）要承担损失。💟Held：Bilton身为agent已经breach of contract了，他没有服从principal的指示。因此，Bilton需要赔偿Turpin的损失。#如果principal没有任何指示，agent要按照惯例行事（也是需要帮忙get insurance）2.Agent‘s duty to possess skill and diligence (Case Keppel V Wheeler)
💙Section 165 of the Contract Act - an agent is bond to conduct the business if the agency with as much skill as in generally possessed by persons engaged in similar business, unless the principal has notice for his want of skills💟Fact: Wheeler 是agent，Wheeler帮 Keppel（principal）卖屋子,。有个人来买屋子，Wheeler接受这个offer。几天后，有另外一个人来看房子，并打算用更高的价格来买屋子。Wheeler身为agent 没有告知Keppel 第二个offer。然后Keppel 和第一个offeror正式签约。Keppel得知后，对Wheeler提出诉讼。💟Held：Wheeler要赔偿Keppel两个offer之间的损失
3.Agent‘s duty to render proper accounts
💙Section 166 of the Contract Act- An agent is bound to render proper accounts to his principal on demand
4.Agent‘s duty to communicate with principal (Case Springer V Great Western Railway)
💙Section 167 of the Contract Act - It is the duty of an agent, in cases of difficultly, to use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain his instruction💟Fact: Great Western Railway 是agent帮Springer（principal）卖tomato从Jersey to Covent Garden Market。因为天气关系，船迟到达Weymouth 然后一些tomato看起来要坏了，Great Western Raiway没有问 Springer，就直接将tomato卖给当地人。因为Great Western Railway认为tomato不会以良好的状况到达目的地。💟Held：Great Western Railway要赔偿Springer的损失
5.Agent‘s duty to act in good faith (Case Armstrong V Jackson)
💙Section 168 of the Contract Act - If an agent deals on his own account in the business of the agency, without first obtaining the consent of the principal and acquainting him with all material circumstance which have come to his own knowledge on the subject, the principal may repudiate the transaction, if the case shows either that any material fact has been dishonestly concealed from him.💟Fact: Jackson是agent，Armstrong是principal。Armstrong要和Jackson买股份，Jackson在没有告知Armstrong的情况下，把自己的股份卖给了Armstrong。Jackson身为agent，应该重视principal的利益而不是优先自己的利益。他应该告知principal这是自己的股份。💟Held：Jackson not act in good faith。他不能与principal有这样的交易，应该明确告诉principal
6.Agent‘s duty to not take any secret profit (Case Andrew V Ramsey&Co)
💙Section 169 of the Contract Act - If an agent,without the knowledge of his principal, deals in the business of the agency of his own account instead of on account of his principal, the principle is entitled to claim for from the agent any benefit which may have resulted to him from the transaction💟Fact: Ramsey &Co 是agent，Andrew是principal。Ramsey&Co 帮Andrew卖property，Ramsey&Co 收Andrew给的commission同时跟buyer收secret profit。 Andrew知道后对Ramsey&Co 提出诉讼要拿回repayment。💟Held：Andrew上诉成功。Agent无权拿secret profit
Rights and duties of principal toward agents
1.to pay commission
💙Section 172 of the Contract Act - Payment for the performance of any act is not due to the agent until the completion of the act💙Section 173 of the Contract Act - An agent who is guilty of misconduct in the business of the agency is not entitled to any remuneration2.cannot prevent agent from earning his commission
3.to indemnify and reimburse the agents
Termination of agency
1.by the act of parties
💙出notice解约2.by operation of law
💙Section 154 of Contract Act 1950-💟business of agency is completed完成交易💟by the expiration period agreed by both parties 预期了，双方同意解散💟by death of agent or principal 其中一方去世💟by subsequent insanity of the agent or principal 其中一方有mental problem💟by bankruptcy of the principal 委托人破产💟by frustration or by happening of an event which renders the agency unlawful 发生使该机构非法的事件
