Chapter 2：Macroeconomics

 首先，这个chapter有学GDP,GNP和NNP，3个Approach

GDP 是国内生产总值（包括国外来我国工作的，不包括我国去别国工作的）

GNP是国民生产总值 （包括在外工作的）

NNP是GNP-depreciation

• Net National Product 有net就是净 所以用GNP-depreciation

Income Approach

用来找personal income, disposable personal income 和 per capita income

a) i. Personal Income= wages and salaries + Rent+ Interest +Profit +Dividends + Transfer payment +                                             Interest on government loan + Interest from consumer loan- EPF contributions -                                         taxes on corporate profit - undistributed corporate profit

    ii. Personal Income= National Income + Transfer payment +Interest on government loans +Interest on                                          consumer loans - taxes on corporate profit- undistributed corporate profit - EPF                                          contributions

b) Disposable personal income= Personal income - personal income tax

c) Per Capita income= National Income/ Total population

Expenditure Approach

4个sector

-personal consumption （C）

-investment (I)

-government spending (G)

-net exports(X-M) X  is export, M is import

C + I + G + X - M 会拿到GDP mp ＋ net factor income from abroad变 GNP fc + subsidies - indirect tax变GNP fc - depreciation = National Income

Product approach

加一堆开销变成GDP mp + net income= GNP mp -indirect tax + subsidy= GNP fc-depreciation=NI

The difficult in calculating National Income

1.Double counting

半成品算一次了，成品又算一次，所以算到两次

2.Accuracy of Information

得到的信息不准确

3. unpaid activities

家庭主妇没有给薪水，实际上请人是要付薪水的

4.Transfer payment

有些没有算在national income，拿到这些钱，人民会去花，但是没有算在national income

5. Activities that are illegal yet productive

gambling没有记录在NI, 实际上productive

6.Depreciation

不能准确预测贬值（estimate而已）

The difficult in compare national income

1. Concepts of national income 

exclude service

2. Different treatment of items

Malaysia非法活动没有算在NI, 泰国有算，难比较

3. Patterns of income distribution

NI不能代表standard of living，消费也高

4.patterns of expenditure

消费大

5. unpaid productive income

老婆帮忙做家务没有算在NI,but 佣人做有算在NI

6.general price index

用消费能力比较，不是钱的价值

Difficulties to compare NI between time periods

1.General price level

-价格高，general price也会提高，对比就会less accurate

2.Quality of goods and services

-时间越久，quality越高，价格越高

3.Population composition and total population

NI高，可能造成TP会高

4.patterns of income distribution

GNP increase 30%， 不代表生活水平提高30%

The uses of National Income Data

-to measure country's rate of economic growth

-to measure total contribution of economic sectors to total national production

-economic planning 

-to measure country's general standard of living

-to show or indicate the success or failure of government policies 

Chapter3：Principle of management （organization）

Organizing 

• is the managerial process that defines the role of each employee in order to achieve organizational objectives
• attempts to achieve the goals set in the planning stage
• forming an organizational structure

Important of Organizing

• shows the job divisions or specialization
• sows the duties and responsibilities of each department
• shows the reporting relationship between managers and subordinates
• shows the types of job performed in an organization
• shows the grouping of work segments in an organization
• shows the departments or units at each management level in the organizational hierarchy
• create coordination among different departments of the organization 

Organizing Process

1. Listing the jobs
• list 出来分析
2. Dividing the jobs
• 公平的分配工作
3. Establishing the departments
• departmentalization 部门分配
4. Coordinating the jobs
• 确保工作内容合理，避免一人承担过多的工作量
5. Performing evaluations and adjustments
• 评估与调整

也可以分成4个stage

1. Identifying the activities
• 用organizational goals来决定perform的活动
2. Grouping the activities
• 确认活动后，开始把相同的活动grp成一个department
3. Distributing the tasks
• 分配task，based on员工能力
• 有良好的command（reporting line）
4. Coordinating the tasks
• 团结达到organizational goal

Work Specialization

跟着department来分配work

好处：

员工做一样的工作会习惯，会做到比较好，增加productivity

坏处：

员工会觉得无聊，懒惰

Job depth

-按照能力分配工作

Job scope

-增加工作的领域

Job design

-outline the task （list出来）

Job design 有job enlargement，job enrichment， job rotation，and job specialization

1. Job enlargement
• combine various operation at a similar level into one job
• increase job scope
• 要看情况，不能加到员工不能承受，会带来负面影响
2. Job enrichment
• give employee more authority and responsibilities增加员工的权利，maybe给她带团队
• increase job depth
• motivate自己，因为觉得被信任
3. Job rotation 调职
• from one job to another
• 换department 在同公司
• provide opportunities for employee to learn new skills
4. Job specialization
• 把job分成小part
• 容易完成

Departmentalization

i. Functional  (function performed)

ii. Divisional (grp based on product/location)

iii. hybrid (有些用functional 有些用divisional)

iv. matrix （horizontal divisional）

vertical coordination(直的):top management而已

-delegation

-span of control

-centralization versus decentralization

-formalization

horizontal coordination link top，middle management

Authority 和responsibilities要一起给

Types of authority

1. Line authority
• owned by line manager（advice）
2. Staff authority
• given to staff manager （给service）
3. functional authority
• line or staff manager to do specific job
• after task done, authority 要收回

Types of power

1.coercive power

    -can give punish (tangguhkan bagi ganjaran)

2.reward power

    -ability to give something valuable to employee (money)

3.legitimate power

    -manager give instruction to subordinate

4.expert power

    -master in marketing，marketing 他就因为knowledge比较有权力

5.referent power

    -榜样可以当成referent power 公众人物，讲师。。。。

Delegation

1.allocate duties

2.give authority

3.give responsibility

4.establish accountability

好处

-团队精神

-enable innovation

坏处

-abuse of power

-delay

-conflict between employee （不公平）

Span of control

advantage

🍀faster decision making

🍀lower the cost

disadvantage

-hamper their original talent and creativity

-extend hierarchy of control results in a long time in decision-making

-narrow span of controlling prevent cross-functional problem-solving

Centralization

decision是被top manager approve

Decentralization

senior management 有power做decision，不需要top manager approve

Formalization

-helps vertical coordination

i. polices and rules

ii. procedure

iii. rules

iv. job description

Traditional organizational structure

simple structure

🍀control all functions of the business

functional structure

🍀grouped according organizational functions

Divisional structure

🍀organizational function divide into product divisions

narrow span of control 适合大公司

wide span of control 适合小公司

Chapter 2：Principles of management

Chapter 2 是planning

🍀planning是management的第一个process

🍀这个chapter 讲师给我们presentation而已，同学们自己准备，从其他组身上学习~

第一组presentation的内容

Purpose of Planning

1. sets the standards to facilitate control

    -方便管理

2. provide direction

    -要有长远的目标

3. increase efficiency-minimizes waste and redundancy

    -确保用的资源是optimum的

    -不浪费

4. reduce the impact of change

    -预防冲动行事导致损失

5. helps in decision-making

    -有计划，才能看决策能不能实行

6. encourage creativity and innovation

    -manager会想创意和创新的plan

7. is a prerequisite先决条件 that determines all other management functions

    -没有plan， organizing，leading， controlling and staffing很难进行

第二组presentation

Type of Planning

Type of planning分成strategic planning， tactical planning， operational planning

a）Strategic Planning

    ⚡long-term goal

    ⚡一般上由top-line manager负责

b）Tactical Planning

    ⚡mid-term goal

    ⚡一般上由middle-line manager负责

c）operating planning

    ⚡short-term goal

    ⚡一般上由first-line manager负责

    ⚡可以用single-use plan或者standing plan

    ⚡single-use plan是用来plan指定的活动

    ⚡standing plan是可以重复用的

第三组prsentation

这个是我组的题目

slide

由于放进drive再share，powerpoint 可能会有些许的变化~

Process of planning

有五个steps

第一个step是establish goal确定目标，确立的目标必须清晰明确，不能含糊不清。第二个step是define the current situation以当前情况来plan，要做research那些。第三步是identify assistance and resistance。寻找可能会面对的困难。第四步是develop a set of action采取行动更快达标。第五是re-evaluate goals。这是最后一步，如果manager发现无法达标，就要重新制定目标。达标后，可以重新审视，下次可以做的更好

虽然这些看起来很少，但实际上课本有很多~有很多深入的解释。可以慢慢理解~有些老师没有教，但是课本有资料~

Case business law chapter 2.3,2.4

2.3: Effect of contract

Voidable Contract

1.Coercion (Case Kersamal S/O Letchman Das V Valiappa Chettiar )

💜Sec 15 of the CA 1950 – coercion is the committing, or threatening to commit any act, forbidden by the Penal Code, or the unlawful detaining or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement.

👀Fact:财产的转移是根据苏丹的命令进行的，该命令是在日本占领马来亚期间在两名日本军官的行为逼迫下发出的。

👀Held：contract is voidable（可以选择是否要作废）

2.Undue Influence (Case Inche Noriah V Shaik Allie Bin Omar )

💜Sec 16(1) of CA 1950 – a contract is said to be induced by “undue influence” where the relations subsisting between the parties are such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other.

💜Sec 16(2) (a) of CA 1950 – where he holds a real or apparent authority over the other, or where he stands in a fiduciary relation to the other.

💜Sec 16 (2) (b) of CA 1950 – where he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by reason of age, illness or mental or bodily distress.

💜Sec 16 (3) (a) of CA 1950 – where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another, enters into a contract with him, and the transaction appears, on the face of it or on the evidence adduced, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that the contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in a position to dominate the will of the other.

💜Sec 20 of the CA 1950 -  when consent to an agreement is caused by undue influence, the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused.

👀Fact:据称，一名侄子对他年迈的姨妈用undue influence让姨妈转财产给他。一名律师起草了赠与契约，律师没有证明这几乎是姨妈的全部遗产，也没有建议她实现结果的更好方法是通过意愿。

👀Held:可撤销

3.Fraud (Case Letchemy Arumugam v Annamaly )

💜Sec 17 of CA 1950 – fraud includes any of the following acts committed by a party to a contract, or with his convenience, or by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto or his agent, or to induce him to enter into a contract.

👀Fact: Letchemy Arumugam是一名不识字的印度妇女，是一名橡胶采伐者，Letchemy Arumugam对Annamaly在波德申港的土地有虚假或欺诈性的虚假陈述为由，向Annamaly声称声明并撤销了她签署的销售协议和其他文件。Letchemy Arumugam要求赔偿损失和利息. Annamaly是一家房屋开发商，不愿意赔偿，并就具体性能和损害赔偿进行了反诉。

👀Held：法院允许索赔，因为Letchemy Arumugam已经证明Annamaly的欺诈性虚假陈述。

4.Mispresentation (Case Bisset V Wilkinson )

👀Fact:Bisset和Wikinson购买了一块农田作为养羊场。Bisset问Wikinson，这片土地上能养多少只羊。Wikinson估计它将运载2000只羊。估计结果证明是错误的，Bisset提起了虚假陈述诉讼。

👀Held：该声明只是一种意见，而不是事实，因此不是可起诉的虚假陈述。因此，索赔人的诉讼没有成功。

5..Mistake (Case Raffles V Wichelhaus )

💜Sec 21 of the CA 1950 – where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void.

👀Fact:Raffles同意出售Wichelhaus的 125包苏拉特棉花，用船运去Peerless from Bombay。Wichelhaus相信这批货物将于10月从运抵Peerless from Bombay。然而，Raffles并不知道这些船只几时到达。当12月的棉花到达Peerless，Raffles已经准备好并愿意将棉花交付给Wichelhaus，但Wichelhaus拒绝接受棉花，也拒绝支付Raffles。

👀Held：合同无效，因为没有共识

Void Contract

1. Case Wrigglesworth V Wilson Anthony

👀Fact: Wilson Anthony是一名律师，与Wrigglesworth的律师事务所签订了服务协议。该协议第8条规定，Wilson Anthony在合同终止2年后，若要在Kota Bharu的5英里范围内工作必须要得到Wrigglesworth的书面同意。Wilson Anthony于12月7日停止与Wrigglesworth合作，并于12月31日在新公司开始新工作，但是，他没有征求Wrigglesworth的书面同意，Wrigglesworth也没有给予任何同意。因此，Wrigglesworth起诉Wilson Anthony要求禁令，限制Wilson Anthony执业或开展业务。

👀Held： 该协议无效，因为没有人有权被限制从事合法的职业，贸易或业务。

2. Case Manang Lim Native Sdn Bhd V Manang Selaman

👀Fact：非本地人试图在本地土地上进行交易，这违反了砂拉越土地法，除非交易得到Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak的授权。

👀Held：违反砂拉越土地法的协议是出于非法考虑而签订的，因此是无效的协议。

3. Case Tunku Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah Bte Sultan Iskandar V Dato James Ling Beng King

👀Fact: 本案涉及购买股份的协议。根据《银行法》第23A条，如果购买的股份超过银行总股份的5%，则需要财政部长的同意。Tunku Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah Bte Sultan Iskandar没有获得财政部长的同意。

👀Held： 该协议无效，理由是它违反了公共政策，因为财政部长的事先批准没有按要求获得。

4. Case Pearce V Brooks

👀Fact：Pearce 同意为 Brooks 雇用一名妓女，因为Pearce知道Brooks将用它来做生意。Brooks没有支付帮忙雇佣费用，Pearce声称应付款项。

👀 Held： 法院裁定，P未能就claim hire charge，因为该协议是非法且不道德的。

5. Case Aroomogum V Lim Ah Hang

👀Fact: Arromogum借钱给Lim Ah Hang，目的是经营一家妓院. Lim Ah Hang之后不愿还钱

👀Held:Aroomogum无法从Lim Ah Hang那里收回他的钱，因为该协议是非法的且不道德的。

6. Case Bettini V GYE

👀Fact：Bettini同意在伦敦赛季为Gye演唱2周。Bettini还同意在音乐会前至少6天到达伦敦，但她生病了，只在音乐会前2天到达伦敦。GYE拒绝使用Bettini。

👀Held: 关于排练的条款不是一个条件，也没有触及合同的根源。因此，GYE无权解除合同

2.4: Discharge of contract

1.Discharge by performance (Case Bolton V Mahadeva)

👀Fact:Bolton帮Mahadeva安装了一个中央供暖系统，耗资560美元。然而，住户Mahadeva在装置中发现了一些缺陷，Bolton拒绝修复它。Mahadeva维修后，维修费用为174美元。因此，Mahadeva拒绝支付560美元

👀Held：Bolton无权获得任何金钱，而Mahadeva则从合同中解除。

2.Discharge by frustration 

💜Sec 57(1) – an agreement to do an act impossible in itself is void.

💜Sec 57(2) – a contract to do an act which, after the contract is made, becomes impossible, or by reason of some event which the promisor could not prevent, unlawful, becomes void when the act becomes impossible or unlawful

a) Case Taylor V Caldwell

👀Fact：Taylor租了一个音乐厅，目的是举办4场盛大的音乐会。Taylor在组织音乐会方面花费了大量精力和精力，然而，在第一场音乐会前一周，音乐厅被意外火灾摧毁。Taylor试图以未能提供大厅为由提起违约诉讼，并要求Caldwell赔偿损失。

👀Held：Taylor不能和Caldwell索赔。由于火灾发生得无法控制，合同受挫，无法履行合同。

b) Case Krell V Henry

👀Fact：Henry同意租用Krell的公寓观看Edward VII的加冕游行。国王生病了，游行被取消.

👀Held：合同被解除，租金不可退还

c) Case Condor V The Barron Knight LTD

👀Fact：Condor，16岁，是Barron Knight LTD乐队的鼓手，合同期为5年。他的职责是每周7个晚上演出。Condor生病了，他的医生命令他每周只能玩4个晚上。乐队随后终止了他的合同。

👀Held：P因为生病不可能继续履行合同的责任。合同被适当地终止。

3.Discharge by breach (Case Tan Hock Chan V Kho Teck Seng )

👀Fact: Kho Teck Seng是Tan Hock Chen雇用的建筑承包商，负责建造某些商店，Tan Hock Chen 对Kho Teck Seng 是根据进度付款工资。由于土地占用者要求租赁权，Kho Teck Seng无法完成最后一块地块的工作。

👀Held：Tan Hock Seng未能将土地的有效占有权交给Kho Teck Seng构成违约，Kho Teck Seng有权终止合同