Chapter5: Business law(Cost of goods sales)

第五课纲要

🍀5.1 definition of goods，classification of good，definition of the contract of sale
🍀5.2 Implied Terms Relating to sale of goods Contract

• condition and warranty 违约的差别
• condition 违约合约作废 
• warranty 违约就可以claim 损失

• implied condition 
• implied condition as to title
• 商品必须是自己的，不能卖盗窃的商品。合约是无效的。
• 即使付全款买盗窃品，商品还是必须归还原主


• implied condition that in a sale of goods by description, the goods must correspond with the description
• 如果商品与描述的不符，买家有权拒付，因为合约违反了implied condition


• goods must be reasonable fit for purpose for which the buyer wants them
• example不会外表一样，实际上不可以function，那么可以退款


• goods must be merchantable quality
• 例如衣服的material用plastic做，那么就属于unmerchantable quality


• implied condition for the sale of goods by sample
• 一部分与sample一样，一部分与sample不一样，买家有权退货
• 无法检查的潜在缺陷
• implied warranty

• the buyer shall have quiet possession of the good
• 买家应该独占货品拥有权，不应该与第三方共享。若与第三方共享，导致无法使用商品，买家可以claim损失

• the goods are unencumbered
• 如果有任何第三方的收费，卖方有义务告知消费者，否则买家有权claim 损失。卖方须承担第三方的收费。

Caveat emptor rule and its exceptions

-如果买家满意quality，因为自己粗心就要自己承担责任

Exception：

buyer makes known to seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required so as to show that he relies on the seller 's skill and judgement

EXP: 买了衣服，莫名奇妙过敏，可以要求赔偿

🍀5.3 Transfer of property and tittle of the goods

     在这个部分会学到，货品转移不一定货品拥有者会随之转移

💚Section 18 - sale of unascertained good 

💚Section 19 - sale of specific or ascertained good

💚Section 20 - sale of specific goods in a deliverable state 

💚 Section 21 - sale of specific goods to be put into deliverable state 

💚Section 22 - sale of specific goods in a deliverable state, but the seller has to do something in order to ascertain the price

💚Section 23 - sale of unascertained or future goods by description; and appropriation

🍀5.4 Describe the protections to buyer and owners

5.4比较重要的principle of nemo dat quod non habet是指只有真正的owner才有权卖商品 and exception (final exam会出现)

• estoppel
• owner指定某些人有权利卖，那么被指定的人就有权利卖

• sales by merchantile agent 
• 如果owner指定agent卖，那么agent可以卖
• 如果没有指定agent，agent自行卖，agent需要赔偿owner的损失

• sales by one of joint owner
• 如果一间家有五个兄弟姐妹，只有其中一个决定卖，那么家无法卖。需要获得所有兄弟姐妹的同意才能卖

• sales under a voidable title
• purchase bona fide

• sale by seller in possession after sale
• good faith of buyer without notice of previous sale. Seller is in continuous in possession after sale (no break in chain)
• 这种情况会面对的问题是，由于卖家2次转卖，导致第一位买家没有得到货，货品最后落入第二位买家的手中，因此卖家有必要对第一位买家进行赔偿

• sale by a buyer in possession after sale
• good faith
• buyer is in continuous in possession of goods after sales
• 买家可以转卖

🍀5.5 Types of breach of sale of goods contract

这个是违约的种类

1.by the buyer

    -failure of buyer to take delivery买家可能刚好外出，没有签收包裹

    -failure of buyer to pay for the goods 不愿意还款

    -failure of buyer to accept the goods 反悔，不接受货品

2.by the seller

    -商家无法把完好无缺的货寄给买家，买家可以claim warranty

Remedies for unpaid seller

商家没有获得买家的付款，可以获得到的remedy

a) a lien on the goods for the price

    -如果卖家没有收到买家打款，即使已经把property给买家了，那个名还是保留给卖家

b) a right of stopping the goods in transit the case of buyer insolvency

    -如果得知买家破产，卖家有权利stop，不把货品寄给买家，直到收到打款

c) a right to resale,subject to section 54

    -没收到卖家打款可以重新卖货

d) a right of with holding delivery

    -有权拿回货

Rmedies for buyer

a) damage

    -买家可以claim损失，如果卖家寄来的货有损坏

b)specific performance

    -如果物品是稀有的，可以claim物品

    #提醒一下这个和chptr2的specific performance差不多~

    -如果那个货品是普通的，可以claim赔偿

#notes大部分都是从课本摘录，推荐各位细读~

Notes！Click me

-第6面的b，the goods are unencumbered的华文 *违约* 换成买家可以claim损失

-有一些错别字，请别见怪，体谅一天内写出来的notes