Principle of Management Chapter 4 Leading

A:Motivation

Motivation Theory

1.Content theories 

- 根据需求motivate

2.Process theories

-怎样motivate

3.Reinforcement Theory

-individual's behavior is a function of this consequence

-manager can control employee's behaviour:

1. Positive Reinforcement-gives positive response when an individual shows positive
2. Negative Reinforcement-employee by removing negative consequences
3. Punishment-applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviour
4. Extinction-lowering the probability of undesired behaviour by removing reward for that kind of behaviour

Early Theory of Motivation 

1. Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

• Physiological needs基本需求
• Safety needs健康需求，例如工作保障
• Social needs 社交需求，需要爱
• Esteem needs 渴望被尊重
• Self-actualization needs 自我满足

2. Herzberg's Two-factor Theory 

• Motivator 能够直接影响员工的积极性
• Hygiene factor 能够间接影响员工的积极性。

3. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

• Theory X
• Theory X 是消极员工有的特征
• Theory Y
• Theory Y是积极员工有的特征`

B: leadership

• reward power
• coercive power 
• legitimate power
• referent power
• expert power

behavioural theories

1. Managerial Grid Theory

• Impoverished or poor management (1,1)
• low concern for both human elements and production
• Team management or Democratic (9,9)
• high concern for both human element and production
• Country Club or Comfortable Management (1,9)
• manager has a high concern for the human element but low concern for production
• Authority-compliance management (9,1)
• manager has high concern for production but low concern for employees
• Middle-of-the-road management style (5,5)
• not has high level for both human element and production

C:Communication

Barrier to effective communication

1. language differences
2. emotion
3. distrust